DEVJOBS List of Jobs December 25, 2004

Job description: The Communications Advisor will serve as the primary BCC Specialist for the Implementation Support Division in the Office of HIV/AIDS within USAID’s Bureau for Global Health. With interest in HIV/AIDS growing, this position is critical to the functioning of the office and the bureau in making sure that BCC projects for youth, adolescents, males and females, non-sexually active and sexually individuals are technically sound and adhere to Agency policy. The HIV/AIDS BCC advisor will assist OHA, Missions, regional field offices, regional bureaus, CAs, PVOs, host country governments, NGOs, and other organizations in the design and implementation HIV/AIDS Behavior Change and Communication activities.

1.Advanced degree in communication, public health, social science or other relevant field.

2.At least 5 years of experience in the design, administration, management and implementation of behavior change/communication or HIV/AIDS programs in developing countries. Experience should include familiarity with budgets and financial plans, strategic planning, and workplan development.

3.Demonstrated expertise in the theory, science and practice of behavior change/communication as it applies to health.

4.Demonstrated experience in the field of international health. Demonstrated understanding of HIV/AIDS, family planning, maternal health, child survival and/or infectious disease issues in developing countries.

5.Demonstrated experience working directly with developing country program managers, policy makers, a broad array of health service providers, and community leaders to assess the behavior change/communication aspects of developing country family planning and health programs.

Deadline for submission of applications: 1-16-2005

Instructions to applicants: Interested applicants should submit their CV and Biographical Data Sheet (Salary History) to: Erica Plascencia at eplascencia@comforce.com and Elvia Acevedo Holmes at eholmes@comforce.com

*** IMPORTANT **** Please mention clearly in your application letter that you learned about this job vacancy through DEVJOBS, and mention the URL of DEVJOBS, which is http://www.devjobsmail.com.

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Trace Foundation is a non-profit organization headquartered in New York City. The Foundation funds and implements initiatives related to social, cultural, economic and environmental development in Tibetan communities in the Southwest and Northwest regions of China including Qinghai Province, Sichuan Province and the Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR). The Foundation is dedicated to finding sustainable ways to meet the challenges of these unique communities while respecting traditional ways of life.

Trace Foundation seeks an individual with relevant academic training and project management experience who could serve as Project Manager for some of the Foundation's our education projects based in Qinghai Province. The Project Manager will report to the Director of Programs and will work closely with the foundation’s Qinghai staff andField Representative and with staff and officials at (my understanding was that this position is working closely with MK but that the Field Rep would not be directly responsible for the project, so more like the PHC project) staff and partner institutions.

Coordinating the implementation of the projects with the local counterparts; nine participating senior middle schools together with their concerned county and Prefecture Education Bureaus towards improving quality of (the purpose is to strengthen the Tibetan medium track by improving the quality of education so I think it is best to state that here, Enrico may disagree)strengthening of Tibetan-medium education in their school;

· Working with the leaders and teachers of the nine participating institutions senior middle schools to design all project relevant teacher training activities;

· Working with the leaders and teachers of the nine participating senior middle schools to assess each school’s needs for instructional equipment such as science labs, language labs, computer labs, and library books, then take the lead role in researching cost-effective reliable sources of good quality equipment and devising a purchasing plan for the equipment;

· Working with the leaders and teachers of the nine participating senior middle schools to formulate a plan for improving school management and support implementation;

· Assisting in the implementation of all other project activities as set forth in the MS Project Design Documents.

· Manage financial and administrative aspects of the projects, including preparation of budgets

· Identify, design and eventually implement new projects in the education sector.

· a minimum of five years of previous experience with implementing education-related projects in developing countries (preferably in China);

· Management experience, including ability to manage multi-cultural teams and work under stressful conditions.

Republic of China and proficiency in either Tibetan or Mandarin Chinese preferred.

·have spoken and written proficiency in either Tibetan or Mandarin Chinese; and

Trace Foundation offers a competitive compensation package. For consideration, please send your CV and cover letter to Pat Melleby, Trace Foundation, 31 Perry Street, NYC, NY 10014 or trace@trace.org. Cover letter must be written in English.

*** IMPORTANT **** Please mention clearly in your application letter that you learned about this job vacancy through DEVJOBS, and mention the URL of DEVJOBS, which is http://www.devjobsmail.com.

Trace Foundation seeks an individual with relevant academic training and project management experience to serve as Project Manager for our education projects and other field-based projects in the TAR. The Project Manager will report to the Director of Programs and will work closely with the foundation’s staff and officials at partner institutions.

· Coordinating the implementation of education-related projects currently in place in Nagchu Prefecture.

· Serving as primary liaison with local authorities and counterparts to negotiate the detailed framework for cooperation on project activities, including securing local contribution to project activities.

· Negotiating and overseeing implementation of contracts for specific project activities and grants.

· Cooperating with program staff from NY and other regions on specified aspects of program implementation.

· Working in consultation with the Director of Programs to identify and design new field-based projects, specifically:

· Conduct local needs assessments for new projects in areas of the education, rural development or culture sectors

· A graduate degree in the field of anthropology, education, development or other related discipline.

· A minimum of five years of previous experience implementing projects in developing countries (preferably in China).

· Experience and expertise in one of the following fields: education (curriculum development, bi-lingual education), rural development (public health, rural community development, rural economic development) or cultural preservation; Spoken and written proficiency in English, (Chinese and Tibetan preferred).

· Understanding of and commitment to a community-based, culturally sensitive, collaborative approach to project implementation.

· Experience in designing and implementing projects in close cooperation with local partners, including experience negotiating successful cooperative funding of projects.

· Management experience, including ability to manage multi-cultural staff and work under stressful conditions.

· Willingness and ability to be based in rural area and travel extensively under difficult conditions in remote, high-altitude environment

- Direct experience with specific community-based approaches to project implementation, experience working in Tibetan areas of China strongly preferred.

Trace Foundation offers an excellent salary and benefit package. For consideration, please send your CV and cover letter to Pat Melleby, Trace Foundation, 31 Perry Street, NYC, NY 10014 or trace@trace.org. Cover letter must be written in English and specify for which position you are applying.

Applications must be received by December 31, 2004. Preferred start date February 15, 2005

*** IMPORTANT **** Please mention clearly in your application letter that you learned about this job vacancy through DEVJOBS, and mention the URL of DEVJOBS, which is http://www.devjobsmail.com.

About the Project: IFES is seeking a Program Officer to support Africa Programs for the Washington, DC office.

* Serves as IFES/W's primary interface with regionally-based Country Director(s) and local staff to implement projects.

* Achieves project requirements within budget, established time frame, standards of quality, and funder satisfaction.

* Prepares budgets and approves field expense reports. Responsible for financial oversight of projects in partnership with the IFES-Finance team.

* Establishes, maintains, and develops productive working relationship with field staff, subordinates, and consultants at large.

* Represents program management at offsite venues for the purpose of business development and information dissemination.

* Trouble shoots project problems. Identifies and implements creative solutions.

* Monitors pending grant/contract actions and coordinates timely action and response.

* Travels to field office on a regular basis to oversee and monitor project activities.

* Serves as team supervisor. Provides professional developmental opportunities for junior program staff. Evaluates performance of program assistants and program associates. Offers input into performance of country directors to program manager or other evaluator.

* Works with IFES-Procurement to ensure timely acquisition and delivery of commodities.

* BS/BA [Masters preferred] ideally with 5+ years experience in international development or related field.

* Experienced with budget management and oversight of large single project or multiple small projects.

* Ability to give general direction to staff, prioritize, and handle multiple tasks under tight deadlines.

* Knowledgeable and experienced with USAID grant and contract proposals, regulations, and procedures. Familiarity with USAID structure and personnel.

Application Instructions: Applying: To apply please send your resume and cover letter to jobs@ifes.org referencing Job Requisition #43-04 Africa/PO in the e-mail subject line.

1. Represents RI at sectoral coordination meetings and presents information to peer organizations and donors regarding RI's activities, feedback opportunities for new funding and coordination issues to implementing teams.

2. Leads assessments for new projects, conducts all necessary data collection, interaction with local authorities, local donors and prepares project concept papers and proposals. Formulates of budgets for new projects.

3. Maintains effective communications with donors by tracking trends and anticipating the likelihood of funding opportunities.

4. Identifies and pursues new opportunities for program growth and start-up which may include conducting full-scale assessments

5. Assesses other implementing organization's activities using all available means to identify gap areas and overlaps

6. Negotiates contracts and agreements with donors ensuring both programmatic and financial requirements at the request of other RI senior staff

7. Maintains effective communications with RI's HQ, regarding program development, funding agreements and staffing

3. 5 years field work in complex emergencies, previous senior representation experience,

4. Proven track record of successful proposal writing with major donors, and sound knowledge of donor practices, experience with IDP and return issues, cultural sensitivity

6. Experienced in writing or refining security plans, managing a large team of expats and national staff, remote management,

9. Experienced with livelihood and community-development sectors, starting up a mission, and training local staff.

For consideration please submit all of the following: a detailed CV, cover letter, salary history, and a list of 3 professional references to Human Resources, Relief International. Email to: hr911@ri.org

APPLICATIONS MUST INCLUDE 'SUDAN SENIOR PROGRAM OFFICER' IN SUBJECT LINE FOR CONSIDERATION.

About the Project: IFES seeks a Program Assistant to assist with its programs in Angola, Mozambique and other areas of East and Southern Africa. Program Assistant is the entry-level professional position at IFES. The Program Assistant will provide administrative and implementation support to the Africa Program Manager.

* Provide administrative support for assigned field offices in East and Southern Africa.

* Support recruitment and mobilization of consultants for field assignments. * Conduct basic research and provides general support in proposal development process.

* Draft and edit documents including: promotional/background materials, quarterly reports, bi-monthly reports, final project reports and business letters in English and Portuguese.

* Translate written documents and/or provide verbal translation for staff as required.

* Excellent organizational, strong writing, research and communication skills required.

* Ability to meet deadlines and support multiple projects in a fast-paced environment.

Application Instructions: Applying: To apply please send your resume and cover letter to jobs@ifes.org referencing Job Requisition #55-04 Africa/PA in the e-mail subject line. EEO/V/D/M/F

3. Maintains effective communications with donors by tracking trends and anticipating the likelihood of funding opportunities.

4. Identifies and pursues new opportunities for program growth and start-up which may include conducting full-scale assessments

5. Assesses other implementing organization's activities using all available means to identify gap areas and overlaps

6. Negotiates contracts and agreements with donors ensuring both programmatic and financial requirements at the request of other RI senior staff

7. Maintains effective communications with RI's HQ, regarding program development, funding agreements and staffing

3. 5 years field work in complex emergencies, previous senior representation experience

4. Proven track record of successful proposal writing with major donors, and sound knowledge of donor practices, experience with IDP and return issues, cultural sensitivity

6. Experienced in writing or refining security plans, managing a large team of expats and national staff, remote management

9. Experienced with livelihood and community-development sectors, starting up a mission, and training local staff

APPLICATIONS MUST INCLUDE 'COUNTRY DIRECTOR SUDAN' IN SUBJECT LINE FOR CONSIDERATION.

Description: Applications are invited for the position of Deputy Director in the SOPAC Secretariat, located in Suva, Fiji Islands. Preference will be given to nationals of SOPAC (South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission) member countries. * SOPAC member countries are: Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Guam, Kiribati, New Zealand, Marshall Islands, Nauru, Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu. Associate members are: American Samoa, New Caledonia and French Polynesia.

Secretariat: The Deputy Director is responsible for the management of the work programme of the Secretariat, which comprises three technical programme areas of Ocean and Islands, Community Lifelines and Community Risk, and Corporate Services. The Deputy Director shall also carry out the duties of Acting Director in the absence of the Director.

Remuneration: An attractive remuneration package at regional levels will apply. For non- Fiji citizens and non-permanent residents, this is tax-free and includes housing and education allowances where applicable. The appointee will be eligible for full diplomatic privileges, as decided by the Fiji Government. Other benefits include medical, life and travel insurance and, payments in lieu of superannuation.

Term of Appointment: The appointment will be for 3 years initially, and may be renewable for a further 3-year contract term.

Applicant Requirements: Qualifications: Applicants should have sound understanding of the Pacific Islands region and should be capable of developing effective relationships with the member countries of SOPAC and with other Governments and organisations providing funding, technical and scientific support to SOPAC.

In addition, the applicants should have a degree in one of the earth sciences or engineering; technical or research experience in geology, geophysics, or engineering; the ability to provide technical and managerial leadership, and to lead a multidisciplinary team effort. A commitment to the aspirations of peoples of the Pacific Islands region and good health are also required.

Application Instructions: Applications: All applications should be fully documented and include details of work experience and qualification and the names of at least three referees. Applications to be marked "Deputy Director Application", should be addressed to the Director of SOPAC and should reach the following address by Monday 10th January 2005:

Further information on the above position can be obtained from the Manager Corporate Services, SOPAC Secretariat, on Telephone 3381-377, Fax 3370-040 or E-mail mohinish@sopac.org

Description: PURPOSE To assess, develop and implement all HR needs and services, and to provide all necessary HR tools for the projects, programs and departments HR manager supports.

1 year contract Unaccompanied post Compensation commensurate with other leading International NGO's Apply on line at www.wvi.org For full job description log on to www.worldvision.com.au, overseas jobs

Applicant Requirements: REQUIREMENTS * University degree in HR management or related field. * Significant human resource management experience. * Field experience in a developing country. * Strong organizational and management skills. * Strong problem solving, interpersonal and negotiation skills. * Strong English communication skills (oral and written). * Thorough knowledge of MS Office and Lotus Notes. * Knowledge of local employment and HR laws and legal requirements. * Good understanding of People in Aid, and Sphere relief standards. * Knowledge of and adherence to the Red Cross and NGO Code of Conduct. * Cross-cultural sensitivity, flexible worldview, emotional maturity and physical stamina. * Ability to work in and contribute to team building environment. * Ability to maintain performance expectations in diverse cultural contexts, psycho-logically stressful environments and physical hardship conditions with limited resources. * Commitment to World Vision Core Values and Mission Statement

PREFERRED * MBA or Master's degree in related field. * Working knowledge of the local language.

The International Foundation for Election Systems (IFES), Center for Transitional and Post- is seeking a detail oriented and motivated Program Officer to provide administrative and programmatic support for current and developing programs worldwide. The candidate will conduct research and provide logistical and administrative support to a wide variety of projects focusing on global election administration and post-conflict election issues in emerging democracies.

DUTIES: * Project administration and management. * Writing proposals and/or grant amendments with accompanying budgets. * Preparing and tracking project budgets. * Preparing financial reports for USAID, other funding agencies, and IFES senior management. * Preparing position descriptions and scopes of work for project personnel. * Identifying and interviewing potential staff and consultants, as well as supervising consultants in the field and support personnel in the home office. * Preparing evaluative reports, specific to the projects being managed, for submission to USAID, other funding agencies, and IFES senior management. * Representing IFES at professional gatherings and serving as a regional resource on Indonesia. * Preparing IFES reports, project updates, and oral/written briefings in support of IFES initiatives and activities. * Liaising with appropriate professionals, entities, and organizations. * Performing other duties, as assigned.

* Master's Degree or Bachelor's degree with minimum of five years functionally related professional experience. * 3-5 years' project management experience, particularly financial and human resource management * Prior experience writing proposals * Prior international experience (preferably in a transitional or post-conflict country) * Excellent interpersonal and communication (written and oral) skills * Experience working with budgets and financial management * Ability to prioritize and to complete multiple tasks

Applying: To apply please send your resume and cover letter to jobs@ifes.org referencing Job Requisition #57-04 Governance/PA-Finance in the e-mail subject line.

Description: The Sr. Grants Manager (SGM) is responsible for the overall grants management of the CORE Initiative Uganda program. The SGM will lead/design the grants program implementation, facilitate partnership with government, NGO, multilateral and private sector organizations through a Local Fiduciary Agent (LFA), monitor results of grantees' performance to achieve maximum impact in addressing the epidemic, and oversee grants implementation with an estimated portfolio of $7 million . Responsibilities include: developing strategies, solicitation and selection of proposals; providing program management oversight on capacity building and Performance Monitoring and Evaluation as related to sub-grantees, ensuring a coordinated relationship with USAID, MGLSD, UAC and other HIV/AIDS, strengthening partner organizations' capacity in grants management, troubleshooting, and providing technical assistance to support smooth implementation of the grants program. The SGM will ensure that the

CORE Initiative program complies with USAID and CARE cooperative agreement obligations. S/he will lead the development of the grants strategy and oversee the sub-granting management, including developing and implementing a transparent granting process from the release of RFAs, forming of the Technical Review Committee, negotiating and awarding Sub-grants, and monitoring sub-grants implementation.

Applicant Requirements: Requirements include: Bachelor's degree in Business, Finance, Accounting, or Management; 3 years experience in managing sub-grants to Community-based and faith-based organizations; Experience in organizational capacity building; Experience working with CARE and/or USAID subgrant programs; Proven capacity to develop subgrant systems and procedures; and, Prior experience working on complex capacity building subgrant programs.

IREX is seeking an intern to assist the organization's Development Department with business development operations, ongoing donor research, and special event organizing. The intern position is to start January 2005.

* Update computerized database of consultants, donors and prospects. * Research corporations, foundations and individuals according as needed. * Maintain various files on donors, prospects and country information. * Organize mailing of information to donors and prospects. * Assist in organizing fundraising events. * Other duties as assigned.

* Currently pursuing an undergraduate or graduate degree. * Demonstrated interest in international issues. * Strong communications skills. * Organized and efficient. * Ability to work independently and with others in a fast-paced office. * Ability to handle multiple tasks simultaneously. * Computer literate, including Word, Internet and databases. * Available to work 15-20 hours per week.

This is a part-time, unpaid position. Interns are encouraged to attend workshops, lectures and other staff development events at IREX.

Application Instructions: Submit cover letter and resume by e-mail to resumes@irex.org or by fax to (202) 628-8189 (please include IREX/DC/EC in the subject line)

Restrictions: Tous les experts doivent avoir la nationalité d'un des États membres de l'UE ou d'un des Etat partenaires méditerranéens.

Description: ABU Consult a reçu une invitation de la Commission Européenne à Alger de soumettre une proposition pour le projet "Assistance technique pour l'exécution du Projet d'appui à la réforme du système éducatif en Algérie", financé par le programme MEDA/EuropeAid. Le début du projet est prévu pour 05/2005 et aura une durée de 4 années.

Le Projet vise l'amélioration du rendement du système éducatif à travers l'élévation du niveau de compétence pédagogique et de gestion des professionnels du secteur ciblant l'amélioration de l'efficience des dépenses sectorielles, une augmentation de l'équité et la réduction des disparités territoriales des résultats. Les objectifs spécifiques du projet sont : a) l'amélioration qualitative du système éducatif par l'appui à la formation initiale et continue de l'encadrement pédagogique et b) l'amélioration et le renforcement du management du système éducatif au niveau central et local.

Pour l'équipe d'experts nous somme à la recherche des candidates qualifiés et expérimentés comme suit:

Un expert administrateur comptable international maîtrisant parfaitement les procédures de passation de marchés publics, notamment celles de la Commission européenne.

* d'assurer le suivi du projet au plan administratif, comptable et financier et de veiller au respect de l'application des procedures communautaires, * d'assurer la gestion financière et comptable courante liée au fonctionnement de l'UAP, * d'assister le Bénéficiaire au plan réglementaire et administratif dans la passation des marchés, * d'assurer la préparation et le suivi administratif des missions des experts court terme, des voyages d'études et des stages de formation concernant le présent contrat,

* un diplôme universitaire en gestion, finance, comptabilité ou tout autre domaine similaires ou équivalent, * une parfaite maîtrise du français, * une bonne maîtrise des logiciels de comptabilité et de gestion de projet, * une bonne connaissance des procedures applicables aux projets financés par la Commission européenne

Expérience professionnelle L'Expert administrateur possédera au moins 10 ans d'expérience professionnelle dont au moins 5 ans en rapport direct avec la gestion administrative et financière de petite structure autonome de service. Il possédera, entre autres, une solide expérience dans :

* la mise en place d'outils de suivi comptable, financier et administratif de projet de développement, * le suivi administratif de projet, * la préparation de dossiers d'appel d'offres, * la passation de marchés publics.

Application Instructions: Applications: Veuillez envoyer votre CV (Français et Anglais) dans le format d'EuropeAid à M Marten Möller (m.moeller@abu-consult.de), Référence: Algeria.

Les termes de références complètes de ce projet peuvent être obtenues sur demande.

Restrictions: PLEASE NOTE - CUTS will not be able to provide a work permit. Candidate must have permission to work in the UK.

JOB PURPOSE: To provide an administrative support, assisting in funding applications, researching, networking and advocacy work on trade and development and regulatory issues.

Applicant Requirements: Essential *At last an undergraduate degree plus 2 or more years solid administrative experience and knowledge of development issues. *Experience of IT support, computer literacy (MS Office including publishing programmes i.e. MS Publisher, Photoshop, Quark) *Experience of public representation Knowledge and skills

Essential *Fluency in English, excellent communication skills (verbal and writing) *Computer literacy, knowledge (MS Office including publishing programmes i.e. MS Publisher, Photoshop, Quark) *Knowledge of database computer software desirable *Knowledge of the Civil Society organisations and their role *Knowledge trade and development issues *Working knowledge of any other European Languages

Detailed profile *Ability to be flexible and adapt quickly to changing situations *Thorough approach to work, unflappable and highly organised *Ability to communicate clearly and concisely both in writing and verbally *Ability to manage complex tasks, involving liaison with others *Ability to take on responsibility and to use own initiative and work effectively *Ability to work with people from different backgrounds at all levels *Good diplomacy skills *Ability to travel occasionally and represent the Centre *Ability to work out of office hours in case of need.

Application Instructions: Email your CV and a covering letter (with 2 references) outlining why you are the best person for the job by 31^st December 2004 to cuts-london@cuts-international.org. Please provide an example of research or proposal writing on a relevant issue (no more than 1000 words)

SPECIALISTS IN CAPACITY BUILDING AND TRAINING, RURAL DEVELOPMENT AND HIV/AIDS, GENDER AND ENVIRONMENT.

Description: Status of Bid: Expression of Interest. Name of project: Technical Assistance to the Rural Poverty Reduction Programme. Donor: EC (EDF) Programme Duration: 54 months, 420 expert/months of local and international long term and short term assistance.

Description of Project: As a support to Namibia's poverty reduction efforts, the EDF programme aims at promoting sustainable rural livelihoods and at supporting the launched land reform measures in a sustainable manner.

The programme includes the following main components: Institutional support to the Government of Namibia and selected non-state actors, including: *substantial capacity building for land reform; *facilitation of community based management, focusing on rural water supply sources; *infrastructure development, focusing on rural roads and rural water supply; *support for decentralised demand driven actions to stimulate rural economic activities and income generation.

Applicant Requirements: *European or ACP Country Nationals (preferable Namibian nationals). *Experience of EDF procedures. *Working knowledge of Namibia. *Holder of a university degree, preferably post-graduate degree in a relevant technical field. *At least 10 years experience in similar multi-sectoral poverty reduction programmes, preferably in Southern Africa. *Familiar with Annual Programme Estimates and Sector Policy Support programmes. *Experience in mainstreaming cross-cutting issues in large programmes (HIV/AIDS, Gender and Environment).

Application Instructions: Email your CV (max 3 pages), quoting reference number NAM/S/1041428 to Penny Buckle at hr@htspe.com. Please specify whether Long Term or Short Term availability.

Description: CNFA seeks several highly qualified consultants with expertise in the design and implementation of warehouse receipt systems. CNFA, USAID and European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) are collaborating to develop a Warehouse Receipts program in Moldova. CNFA, with USAID funding, will lead the design, development and implementation of the project. EBRD will provide financing to local banks lending against warehouse receipts with initial capitalization expected to be about $10 to $20 million.

Working under the direct supervision of CNFA's Moldova Country Director, consultants will:

1) Draft secondary legislation to define procedures, requirements and legal authority for establishing the inspection agency and guarantee fund.

3) Establish and improve the current inspection system by implementing changes to the structure of the Inspection Agency and drafting a Code of Ethics and Grain Inspectors Handbook.

4) Train grain operators and inspectors in the Code of Ethics and Grain Inspectors Handbook.

5) Create an indemnity fund to ensure performance of certified warehouses by assisting the Government of Moldova to register the fund, develop and approve by-laws, and establish a Board to manage the fund.

6) Conduct training and awareness seminars with key stakeholders, including warehouse operators, traders and local banks

7) Travel throughout Moldova to make site inspections and work with key stakeholders throughout all stages of implementation.